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Site Collections are what Sharepoint sites are placed into.

• They are the primary structural component of Sharepoint.
  
• Except for Global admin, Everything in Sharepoint is done in site collections.
  

There are three primary types

1. Collaboration Site Collection templates
   
2. Enterprise Site Collection templates
   
3. Publishing Site Collection Templates
   

Our experience in Sharepoint 2010 Foundation was almost exclusively with Collaboration team sites.

The text in these outlines was pulled from the Sharepoint site creation user prompts

1. Collaboration Site Collection templates
   
   1. Team Site (Classic experience):
      
      1. A site with a classic experience on the home page and no connection to an Office 365 Group
         
   2. Blog site:
      
      1. A site for a person or team to post ideas, observations, and expertise that site visitors can comment on.
         
   3. Developer Site
      
      1. A site for developers to build, test and publish apps for Office
         
   4. Project Site:
      
      1. A site for managing and collaborating on a project. This site template brings all status, communication, and artifacts relevant to the project into one place.
         
   5. Community Site:
      
      1. A place where community members discuss topics of common interest. Members can browse and discover relevant content by exploring categories, sorting discussions by popularity or by viewing only posts that have a best reply. Members gain reputation points by participating in the community, such as starting discussions and replying to them, liking posts and specifying best replies.
         

          

2. Enterprise Site Collection templates
   
   1. Document Center
      
      1. A site to centrally manage documents in your enterprise. If we use Knowledge Lake they will more than likely leverage this
         
      2. Article describing them https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Use-a-Document-Center-site-06096070-D83F-45B8-B02D-EC7A4CF85CAC
         
   2. eDiscovery Center
      
      1. A site to manage the preservation, search, and export of content for legal matters and investigations
         
   3. Records Center:
      
      1. This template creates a site designed for records management. Records managers can configure the routing table to direct incoming files to specific locations. The site also lets you manage whether records can be deleted or modified after they are added to the repository
         
   4. Team Site – Sharepoint online configuration
      
      1. A Team Site configured to allow organization members to edit, create new sites, and share with external users.
         
   5. Business Intelligence Center:
      
      1. A site for presenting Business Intelligence content in SharePoint.
         
   6. Review Center
      
      1. Review center is used to manage the review process related items.
         
   7. Compliance Policy Center
      
      1. Use the Document Deletion Policy Center to manage policies that can delete documents after a specified period of time. These policies can then be assigned to specific site collections or to site collection templates.
         
   8. Enterprise Search Center:
      
      1. A site focused on delivering an enterprise-wide search experience. Includes a welcome page with a search box that connects users to four search results page experiences: one for general searches, one for people searches, one for conversation searches, and one for video searches. You can add and customize new results pages to focus on other types of search queries.
         
   9. My Site Host
      
      1. A site used for hosting personal sites (My Sites) and the public People Profile page. This template needs to be provisioned only once per User Profile Service Application, please consult the documentation for details.
         
   10. Community Portal
       
       1. A site for discovering communities.
          
   11. Basic Search Center
       
       1. A site focused on delivering a basic search experience. Includes a welcome page with a search box that connects users to a search results page, and an advanced search page. This Search Center will not appear in navigation.
          
   12. Visio Process Repository:
       
       1. A site for viewing, sharing, and storing Visio process diagrams. It includes a versioned document library and templates for Basic Flowcharts, Cross-functional Flowcharts, and BPMN diagrams.
          
3. Publishing Site Collection Templates
   
   1. Publishing Portal
      
      1. A starter site hierarchy for an Internet-facing site or a large intranet portal. This site can be customized easily with distinctive branding. It includes a home page, a sample press releases subsite, a Search Center, and a login page. Typically, this site has many more readers than contributors, and it is used to publish Web pages with approval workflows.
         
   2. Enterprise Wiki
      
      1. A site for publishing knowledge that you capture and want to share across the enterprise. It provides an easy content editing experience in a single location for co-authoring content, discussions, and project management.
         

Site Templates are sites you would add into a site Collection. There are two principle types

1. Collaboration Site Templates
   
   1. Team Site (Classic experience):
      
      1. A site with a classic experience on the home page and no connection to an Office 365 Group
         
   2. Blog site:
      
      1. A site for a person or team to post ideas, observations, and expertise that site visitors can comment on.
         
   3. Project Site:
      
      1. A site for managing and collaborating on a project. This site template brings all status, communication, and artifacts relevant to the project into one place.
         
   4. Community Site:
      
      1. A place where community members discuss topics of common interest. Members can browse and discover relevant content by exploring categories, sorting discussions by popularity or by viewing only posts that have a best reply. Members gain reputation points by participating in the community, such as starting discussions and replying to them, liking posts and specifying best replies.
         

          

2. Enterprise Site templates
   
   1. Document Center:
      
      1. A site to centrally manage documents in your enterprise.
         
   2. Records Center:
      
      1. This template creates a site designed for records management. Records managers can configure the routing table to direct incoming files to specific locations. The site also lets you manage whether records can be deleted or modified after they are added to the repository.
         
   3. Business Intelligence Center:
      
      1. A site for presenting Business Intelligence content in SharePoint.
         
   4. Enterprise Search Center:
      
      1. A site focused on delivering an enterprise-wide search experience. Includes a welcome page with a search box that connects users to four search results page experiences: one for general searches, one for people searches, one for conversation searches, and one for video searches. You can add and customize new results pages to focus on other types of search queries
         
   5. Basic Search Center:
      
      1. A site focused on delivering a basic search experience. Includes a welcome page with a search box that connects users to a search results page, and an advanced search page. This Search Center will not appear in navigation.
         
   6. Visio Process Repository:
      
      1. A site for viewing, sharing, and storing Visio process diagrams. It includes a versioned document library and templates for Basic Flowcharts, Cross-functional Flowcharts, and BPMN diagrams
         

https://sharepointmaven.com/difference-between-site-collections-sites-pages-document-libraries-and-folders/

https://support.office.com/en-us/sharepoint

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sharepoint/sites/sites-and-site-collections-overview